Definition: যদি verb এর কোন রুপ বা form এর মাধ্যমে subject এর নিষ্ক্রিয় বা সক্রিয় অবস্থা নির্দেশ করা হয়, তবে তাকে voice বা বাচ্য বলে।

Voice বা বাচ্য সাধারণত দুই প্রকার। যথাঃ

1. Active Voice: যদি কোন voice বা বাচ্য দ্বারা এমন কিছু নির্দেশ করা হয় যে subject নিজে কাজ করেছে কিনা, তবে তাকে active voice বলে। অর্থাৎ এ ধরনের বাক্যে subject কে প্রধান্য দেয়া হয়। 

যেমন, Ratul does the work. (এখানে Ratul কাজটি করছে। তাই Ratul হচ্ছে এই বাক্যের Subject)

2. Passive Voice: যদি কোন voice বা বাচ্য দ্বারা এমন কিছু নির্দেশ করা হয় যে subject কে প্রাধান্য না দিয়ে subject এর কাজকে অর্থাৎ object কে প্রাধান্য দেয়া হয়, তবে তাকে passive voice বলে।

যেমন, The work is done by Ratul. (এখানে Ratul এর মাধ্যমে কাজটি সম্পাদিত হলেও Ratul কে প্রাধান্য না দিয়ে Ratul এর কাজকে বা object কে প্রাধান্য দেয়া হয়েছে।)

Changing Subjective Case into Objective Case in Voice

Transformation of Active Voice into Passive Voice: Sentence বা বাক্যভেদে Voice Changing এ ভিন্নতা থাকলেও এর একটি Universal Structure আছে। Structure টি হলোঃ

Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Object 
Passive Voice: Object + Auxiliary Verb + Verb (Past Participle Form) + by + Subject

Universal Structure of Changing Voice

#Rule 02: Continuous Tense: Active Voice to Passive Voice

(a) Present Tense: 
Active: Subject + am/is/are + verb (ing) + object
Passive: Object + am/is/are + being + verb (participle form) + by + subject
Example:
Active: Ratul is doing the work.
Passive: The work is being done by Ratul.

[এখানে W/h words বলতে বুঝায় Who, When, Where, What, Which, How etc.]

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য ০১ঃ যদি বাক্যে Who থাকে তবে by Whom লিখতে হবে। আর যদি whom থাকে তবে who লিখতে হবে।

বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্য ০২ঃ যদি বাক্যটি negative হয়, তবে passive voice করার সময় auxiliary verb এর পর শুধু not দিতে হবে।

Changing Voice of Imperative Sentence:

এই ধরনের বাক্য দ্বারা order (আদেশ), request (অনুরোধ), forbid (নিষেধ), advice (উপদেশ) বোঝানো হয়। আর এই ধরনের বাক্যগুলো সাধারণত verb দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

#Rule 01: Structure of passive voice: order, request, forbid, advice

Affirmative: Let + object + be + verb(participle form) + by you.

Example:
Active: Do the work right now. 
Passive: Let the work be done by you right now.    

Negative: Let not + object + be + verb(participle form) + by you.

Example:
Active: Do not waste waste the time especially at the time of your examination. 
Passive: Let not the time be wasted by you especially at the time of your examination.

[বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্যঃ Let's বা Let us থাকলে passive voice করার সময় by you না হয়ে by us হবে।]

Example:
Active: Let's play the football. 
Passive: Let the football be played by us .

 Changing Voice of Reflexive Pronoun: 

Reflexive Pronoun গুলো হচ্ছে himself, herself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourself etc.

Changing of Quasi-Passive Voice:

#Rule 01: যখন বাক্যে complement থাকে, তখন passive voice করার সময় নিচের structure অনুসরণ করতে হবেঃ

Active: Subject + verb + complement. 
Passive:  Subject + auxiliary verb + complement + when/if + it/they + auxiliary verb + verb (participle form)  

Example:
Active: This flower smells sweet.  
Passive: The flower is sweet when it is smelt.

#Rule 02: যখন বাক্যে complement থাকে না, তখন passive voice করার সময় নিচের structure অনুসরণ করতে হবেঃ

Active: Subject + auxiliary verb + verb (ing). 
Passive:  Subject + auxiliary verb + being + verb (participle form) 

Example:
Active: The house is building.   
Passive: The house is being built.

Changing Voice of Infinitives: 

#Rule 01: যদি কোন active বাক্যে adjective + to + verb থাকে, তাহলে তার passive voice করার সময় adjective + to + verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Example:
Active: I found it easy to do.   
Passive: It is found easy to do by me.

#Rule 02: যদি কোন active বাক্যে to + verb থাকে, তাহলে তার passive voice করার সময় to + be + verb (participle form) হবে।

Example:
Active: The judge ordered to punish the criminal.    
Passive: The criminal was ordered to be punished by the judge.

Changing Voice of Complex Sentences: 

#Rule 01: Complex sentence এ একটি clause থাকে যা subject বা object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। সুতরাং, active এর object যদি একটি clause হয় তাহলে passive voice এর subject হিসেবে ঐ clause টি ব্যবহৃত হয়। কিংবা active এর subject কোন clause হলে passive voice এর ক্ষেত্রে তা object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে clause এর মধ্যকার verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

Example:
Active: I know what he thinks.    
Passive: What he thinks is known to me. 
Active: He showed me what he had made.     
Passive: What he had made was shown me by him.

Changing Voice of Verbs with double objects:

#Rule 01: কোন কোন verb এর indirect ও direct, এই দুইটি object থাকে। আর এই দ্বিতীয় object কে Retained Object বলা হয়। আর এই ধরনের sentences বা বাক্যগুলোও passive voice এর সাধারণ নিয়ম অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Example:
Active: Ratul sir teaches us English.   
Passive: We are taught English by Ratul sir. or English is taught us by Ratul sir.  

[বিশেষ দ্রষ্টব্যঃ এখানে প্রথম object দিয়ে  passive voice করা হলে দ্বিতীয় object অপরিবর্তনীয় থাকে।]

Changing Voice of Intransitive Verbs used Transitively:

#Rule 01: এই ধরনের verb যুক্ত sentences বা বাক্যগুলোর passive voice করতে হলে তোমাকে অবশ্যই Intransitive verbs ও Transitive verbs সম্পর্কে ভালো ধারণা থাকতে হবে। তবুও নিম্নে কিছু examples বা উদাহরণের মাধ্যমে একটা সাধারণ ধারণা দেয়া হলো।

Example:
Active: She ran a race.    
Passive: A race was run by her.
Active: I shall sing a song.     
Passive: A song will be sung by me.
Active: He slept a sound sleep.     
Passive: A sound sleep was slept by him.
Active: We look at the picture.    
Passive: The picture is looked at by us. 

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[Practice more and more to good at English]

Question: Suppose, you have been promoted to class IX and you will have to buy some new books for your new class. So, you need some money in this regard. Now, write a letter to your father for sending some money.

Answer:

Adamjee Cantonment Public School

Narayanganj

December 31, 2019

My dear father,

I hope that you are well and healthy by the grace of Almighty. I am also fine. You have already known that my JSC result has been published recently and I have got GPA-5. So, now I have been promoted to class IX. All the teachers of our school praised me highly for my result. My teachers have also suggested me some books to study for a better preparation of SSC exam. Those suggested books will cost 1000tk. Please send me the money soon.

No more today. Please take care of you and mom.

Your loving son/daughter

Ahsan/Afsana

Question: Suppose, you are a student of a famous school but you want to get admitted into another one. So, you need a testimonial from your school. Now, write a letter to Headmaster/Principal of your school for a testimonial.

Answer:

The Headmaster/Principal

Jamalpur Zilla School

Jamalpur

Subject: For a testimonial

Sir,

I beg most respectfully to state that I am a student of your school of class VIII. I have been studying here for three years. I have got a brilliant result in the annual examination. I have recently got a chance to get admitted into Rajshahi Cadet School, Rajshahi. So, I am badly in need of a testimonial regarding my results and character.

I therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to grant me a testimonial and oblige thereby.

I remain

Sir

Your most obedient pupil

Sheikh Karim

Class: VIII

Question: Suppose, you are a student of class IX in Rajuk Uttara Model High School. Recently, your father has been transferred to Dinajpur. But you want to continue your study till your SSC exam in this school. Now, write a letter to your Headmaster/Principal for a seat in your school hostel.

Answer:

17th January, 2019

The Headmaster/Principal

Rajuk Uttara Model High School

Uttara, Dhaka

Subject: For a seat in the school hostel

Sir,

I beg most respectfully to state that I am a student of class IX of your school. My father is a government employee. Most recently, he has been transferred to Dinajpur from Dhaka. Our whole family has also shifted there. But I want to continue my study here in your school till my SSC exam. Now, I have been suffering for want of accommodation  and I have no relatives here. So, I am badly in of a seat in your school hostel.

So, I therefore, pray and hope that you would be kind enough to allot me a seat in the school hostel and oblige thereby.

Your most obediently

Jason

Class: IX

Question: Suppose, you are a student of a renowned school in Bangladesh but there's no common room facilities in your school. For want of a common room/reading room/library facilities in your school, students waste their leisure hours aimlessly. Now, write an application to your Headmaster to open a common room/reading room/library facilities.

Answer:

10th March, 2020

The Headmaster

Sonapur High School

Rangpur

Subject: For opening a common room/reading room/library facilities.

Sir,

I, on behalf of the students of our school beg most respectfully to state that our school is one of the largest and renowned schools in Rangpur. But, it is a matter of great regret that we don't have any common room/reading room/library facilities in our school. For this reason, students spend their leisure hours aimlessly. This often disturbs the other students in the class.

So I, therefore, pray and hope that you would kindly make a necessary step fort opening a common room/reading room/library facilities in our school and oblige thereby.

I remain

Sir

Your most obedient student

Max

On behalf of the students

Class: IX    Dept: Science

Question: Suppose, you are Jack and your friend called Jacob wants to know your experiences about picnic that you have made recently. Write an email to your friend about "A Picnic You Have Made".

Answer:

To: learnenglishwithratul.official@gmail.com

Subject: Description of a picnic I have visited/attended/made.

Dear Jacob,

I always hope that you are fine and I am fine too. You will be glad to know that I have attended/visited/made a picnic at Biddhist Bihara, Paharpur. It’s one of the historical places of Bangladesh and also well-known. We hired a bus and started our journey at 7 am from our school gate. We took all the necessary stuffs. Some of us carried cameras also. We spent the whole day there and roamed around the place. We also took many photos for the memory. This is a good picnic place. I enjoyed very much. It would be more enjoyable if you could accompany us.

This is all for today. My best regards to your parents and love to the younger.

Your friend

Jack

Question: Suppose, You are Max/Maya. You have recently completed your exam. Now write an email to your father about "How You Have Done Your Exam".

Answer:

To: xyz@gmail.com

Subject: To inform how I have done in the last exam.

Dear father,

At the beginning of my email, my due respect to you and hope that you all are well by the grace of Almighty Allah. I am fine too. As you know I am a student of class VII, so I have recently finished my 2^nd semester exam. I am so happy to inform you that I have cut a good figure in my exam and I hope that I will get GPA-5. Now, I am taking preparation for my next exam.

Your blessings are always important for me and I know that I am always in your prayer.

Your loving son/daughter

Max/Maya

Question: Suppose, you are Sam and your friend's name is Jack. Jack wanted to know about your experience of your first day at school. Now write a letter to your friend about "Your First Day At School".

Answer:

36/3 Rampura, Dhaka

December 20, 2019

Dear Jack,

I got your letter yesterday.  Hope you are all well. In your letter, you wanted to know about my first day at school. Now, I am going to write about it.

The first day at my school is still vivid in my life. It was 2000 when I was five years old. One day, my mom told me that I was going to start my school. I was very exited. I had a mixed feeling of fear and joy. In the next morning, I went to school with my beloved mother. I was then admitted to class one. Then the Head-master took me to the class and introduced me to every student. I made my new friends and had a lot of fun all day long. I will never forget that moment. It is a red letter day in my life. 

No more today. Give my due respects to your parents and love to your younger.

Your loving friend

Sam

Leisure means free time with no particular activities. People usually spend their leisure doing recreational actives. But these actives vary from person to person, society to society and country to country. The village people spend their leisure by gossiping, swimming, fishing etc. But city people spend their leisure read books, visit places, play video games and many others. I usually spend my leisure through drawing and painting. I also go out for walks. Sometimes, I go swimming in the river. It keeps me fit. So leisure removes the monotony everyday life. It gives us energy to handle our routine based work. Thus, we should enjoy our leisure.

A school magazine is a magazine that contains writings of the teachers and students of a school. It is a kind of periodical publication. Almost every famous school publishes a magazine every year. It reveals a number of genius personalities of both students and teachers. Well, we are the students of a renowned school called Jamalpur Zilla School, Jamalpur. Our school also publishes a magazine every year named School News. It contains poems, articles, games, annual picnic and short stories written by the students and teachers. It has the field of literacy, history, science, social activities etc. It is not an easy task to publish a magazine. The editors of this magazine have to work hard. There is also a magazine committee in our school. There are four teachers and six students in this committee. One teacher and one student act as proof reader. Above all, our school magazine encourages all the students and teachers to show their latent talents. It also makes us happy when we find our own writings in this magazine. It is like a mirror of the literary work of the students and the teachers. We are really proud of our school magazine.

The Problem of Load Shedding

Load shedding is one of the major problems in cities and towns nowadays. It also becomes a buzz word in Bangladesh at present. It means the suspension of supply of electricity for short or long period of time. It occurs where there is a connection of electricity. There are several reasons behind the load shedding. The insufficient production of electricity is considered to be the main reason of it. Misuse of electricity is another big reason and the illegal connection is also responsible for it. So the common people can’t use the electricity in a proper way. It causes many other problems too. Mills, factories, shops, hospitals, houses and educational institutions are the main victims to it. Mills & factories are decreasing day by day due to load shedding. All the foods in refrigerator get rotten due to it. Students suffer much because they can’t study properly even if there is exam. Operations get stopped in hospital due to load shedding. In a nut shell, load shedding causes great sufferings to the common people. Moreover, load shedding affects the economy of our country. If government takes proper steps, then it can be solved very soon. We the common people should also be aware of it.

Subject:

Application for a debating club/ computer club/ sports club/  English language club/ literary club/ common room or common room facilities/ library facilities/ canteen/ laboratory room/ reading room/ sinking a deep tube-well/ construction of a bridge etc………………………

Answer:

Date: ………

The Headmaster/The Principal/The Chairman/DC etc.

Name of School/College/Village: ……

Address: …….

Subject: Prayer/Application for ……………

Sir,

We, the students/people of your …… (school/college/village) beg to draw your kind attention to the fact that our ……… (school/college/village) is one the biggest …… (school/college/village) in …… (Address). But it is a matter of great regret that there is no …… (Topic) in our …… (school/college/village) . As a result, we are facing a lot of problems.  So, we badly feel the necessity of a …… (Topic) in our …… (school/college/village).

We, therefore, pray and hope that you would kindly grant our prayer and oblige thereby.

Your sincerely/obediently

………… (Applicant’s name)

On behalf of the students/people of your school/college/village

Newspaper is a paper that provides news to us. It gives us the daily update of what is happening at home and abroad. It is also called the storehouse of knowledge and information.  It is most commonly accepted as mass record of the current affairs. So, the importance of reading newspaper in our life has become inevitable.

The name of the first Bengali newspaper is The Samachar Darpan which was first published in 1818. In Asia, the first newspaper was published in China. There are many kinds of newspapers. They are dailies, weeklies, monthlies etc. The daily newspapers are printed everyday and it contains the news of daily affairs.  The weekly newspapers are published once in a week.

Newspaper is very useful to all sections of people. It has made the world smaller. We get all sorts of information in it. It contains all types of news and views of the whole world.  It is an easy way to express opinions on various topics. Newspaper plays a significant role in raising the morale of the people. Newspaper is the most powerful instrument for promoting publicity.

Newspaper contains news on current political situation, social development, importance of mass education, national crisis and economics etc. Politicians find newspapers very useful for conveying their political views to the masses.  When news of corruption or crime published, the police become active. The Government also pays attention to the news in the newspaper.

Newspaper should be free from being biased. Unbiased newspaper makes the citizen conscious about their rights and responsibilities. Sometimes, it publishes false or distorted news. As a result, many severe occurrences like political upheavals, riots, hartals take place.

However, the benefits of reading newspaper are far better than its mischief. Today newspapers are appreciated for the news about sports and films, news about share markets, matrimonial and opportunities. We should read newspaper regularly. Because, the more we read, the more we learn.

There are many games in our country. But my favorite game is Football. It is a foreign game but it is popular all over the world. This game came from England and it was first played in England too. Now, it is played all over the world. I really enjoy this game very much.

Generally, Football is played in an open large field. The field is 110 to 120 yards long and 70 to 80 yards wide. There are two goal posts. A bar is tied on the goal posts. The bar is eight feet above from the ground. There are also centre and penalty box.

This game is played between two teams. Every team has eleven players. There are a goal keeper, two backs, three half backs and five forwards. The goal keeper and the two backs play on the defensive. The five others lead the attack towards the opposite side. The half backs play on the defensive and lead the attack too. When the game starts, a ball is placed at the centre. A referee conducts the game with a whistle. When he whistles, the game starts from the centre. There are two halves of 45 minutes and an interval of 10 minutes. Which team scores highest goal, that team wins in the long run.

There are many advantages of Football. It makes a man strong, healthy and wealthy. It improves the health of a player too. It teaches many moral qualities and virtues. It also teaches us discipline, co-operation and leadership. Football has some demerits too. Sometimes, this popular game causes dangerous quarrel. Many young people and the students destroy their career due to football.

After all, Football is my favorite game. A person can learn many good qualities and virtues. A person also can earn a lot of money.